Machine rules II

This task is about working out the rules for some number machines.
illustration: number machine
Numbers are put into machines and come out changed. Each machine uses a different rule to change the numbers.
 
Work out the rule for the machines below and write it for each machine. The first one has been done for you.
 
a)        
IN MACHINE 1 OUT
example number machine with rule multiplied by 8
 
 
 
b)        
IN MACHINE 2 OUT

number machine

 
 
Some machines have two rules that change the numbers. 
Work out the two rules for the machines below and write them for each machine.
 
c)        
IN MACHINE 3 OUT
number machine
 
 
 
d)        
IN MACHINE 4 OUT

number machine