Eruption cloud
The description should include 2 of the following:

• Gases/named gases/water vapour.
• Ash/tephra (term used to describe all material ejected from a volcano, from ash to rock fragments).
• Heat.

Problems
Any 3 of:

• Acid rain can be produced (from the gases).
• The ash can clog engines of cars/planes.
• Can cause breathing difficulties.
• Can cause water contamination/pollution.
• Can cover pasture which animals feed on/destroy crops.
• Can reduce visibility when driving/also for planes.
• Gases can be poisonous.
• Other acceptable answers.

Lahar
Description: Debris from a volcano that is mixed with water that is, mudflows.
Problems
Any 3 of Lahars can:

• undercut banks, causing cave-ins, erosion.
• bury/destroy man-made structures, e.g., roads, buildings, bridges.
• leave a lot of debris.
• move quickly.
• travel long distances.
• transport very large boulders.
• Other acceptable answers.

Lava flow
Description: Lava flows are rivers of molten rock.
Problems
Any 3 of:

• Lava flows are very hot.
• Lava flows can start fires.
• Lava flows can melt snow and ice which can produce flooding.
• Lava flows can destroy property.
• Other acceptable answers.

Pyroclastic flow
Description: These are mixtures of hot gas, ash, and other volcanic rocks.
Problems
Any 3 of:

• Very fast moving.
• The flows are hot and choking.
• They can contain toxic gases.
• They can travel long distances (up to 200 km).
• Their high temperatures can start fires, cause burning.
• Other acceptable answers.

Acid rain
Description: Gases from the volcano like SO2, can join with water to form acid rain.
Problems
Any 3 of:

• Acid rain can damage clothing, machinery.
• Acid rain contaminates drinking water.
• Acid rain can irritate skin/eyes.
• Acid rain can harm trees/vegetation/pastures.
• Other acceptable answers.